Acura Cockapoos Medical Information

MEDICAL INFORMATION

Miniature Cockapoos, Toy Cockapoos, Toy Schnoodles in South Carolina

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AVID Microchip Identification

We can microchip your puppy before it leaves here. Please ask for details. For more information on AVID Microchips, CLICK HERE.

PARVOVIRUS

"Parvo" is a word most puppy owners learn, and learn to dread. It's short for canine parvovirus, the most common infectious dog disease in the U.S. Even though it's a relatively new disease in the dog world, parvo's ubiquitous--present at significant levels in every environment, from home to kennel to park. In fact, trying to shield a puppy from exposure is considered completely futile in this day and age. It's a ridiculously tough virus that can survive for months on living things, and even on objects such as furniture, toys, clothes, shoes and carpets.

It's a serious infection, too: it can kill in a matter of days, and it's 80 percent fatal. Puppies less than six months old and older dogs are the most vulnerable. Luckily, a simple vaccine is all it takes to prevent this horrible disease.

Causes

Parvo is actually a family of viruses. Many mammals have some version of it, including humans, though fortunately parvo doesn't pass from species to species--each type of animal gets its own special version. It was first isolated back in the 1960s, but a mutant form called CPV-2 appeared virtually overnight in 1978. Then a mutation of that showed up in 1979, causing a true health crisis in the canine world--an epidemic that killed thousands of pets and triggered a vaccine shortage.

Today that virus has been supplanted by a version called CPV-2b, but because of vaccination for puppies and tight health controls, there are very few cases of adult parvo; it's considered a "puppy disease." Still, it's very serious: dogs catch parvo and die from it every year.

The virus itself is deceptively simple: just a single strand of DNA, without the usual sheath of fat to protect it. This, ironically, makes it harder to kill with standard disinfectants and allows it to survive outside a host body for as long as five months.

Parvo is usually spread from dog to dog by direct contact (in parks, dog shows, kennels, pet shops, and the like) or by contact with infected feces. People can contribute to the spread of the disease by tracking fecal matter on their shoes. Since the virus can survive a wide range of temperatures and live outside the animal for months, it's extremely tough to eradicate. That's why vaccination is so important.

Symptoms

It's possible for adult dogs to have a mild form of parvo and show no symptoms at all. In its acute phase, however, symptoms include: 1) loss of appetite 2) depression 3) fever 4) massive dehydration 5) lethargy 6) bloody diarrhea 7) severe, repeated vomiting.

When It's Time To See The Vet

The disease can kill a dog quite quickly (sometimes in a matter of days), and it may leave surviving animals with intestinal and heart damage. So if you see symptoms or even suspect parvo, get to your vet immediately. The only way to know if a dog has parvovirus is through a diagnostic test.

However, the best time to see the vet about parvo is when you get your puppy vaccinated. That's the best thing you can do to prevent this killer of puppies from ever entering your life.

When Your Puppy Is Most Vulerable

The timing of protecting your puppy can be a little tricky. The mild and temporary immunities that the mother passes on to her pups actually interfere with the vaccine's effectiveness--but exactly when those maternal antibodies fade varies from dog to dog, depending on factors such as nutrition, medical history, and even breed. It's that window of vulnerability--the time after the mother's immunity has faded, and before the vaccine has kicked in--when puppies catch this ever-present virus. We here, at Acura Cockapoos & Schnoodles, give all our puppies a Neopar vaccination at 4 weeks of age. This vaccination over rides the mothers maternal antibodies and helps the puppy become resistant to the disease that much faster.

That's why puppy vaccines have to come in at least two stages, and why it's vitally important that you don't skip that second visit to the vet. It's also important to not let your dog walk on the ground where infected dogs may have been until the vaccine has fully kicked in--ask your vet when it's safe to take your pup out and about.

What's Next

Treatment generally means a lengthy and expensive hospital stay, with at least five to seven days in intensive care, rehydration through an IV, lots of antibiotics, and medications to control nausea. Even then the prognosis isn't good. Many severely infected animals die, even with the best available care. Without the correct amount of properly balanced intravenous fluids, their chance of recovery is very small. Beating parvo is a difficult challenge, even for the toughest of puppies.

COCCIDIOSIS

Coccidiosis is the disease caused by coccidian infection. Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals, caused by coccidian protozoa. Undeveloped immune systems make puppies more susceptible. Further, stressors such as new owners, travel, weather changes, and unsanitary conditions are believed to activate infections in susceptible animals.

Diarrhea, which may become bloody in severe cases, is the primary symptom. Most animals infected with coccidia are asymptomatic; however, young or immuno-compromised animals may suffer severe symptoms, including death.Young puppies are frequently infected with coccidia and often develop active Coccidiosis....even puppies obtained from diligent professional breeders.

Stressors such as new owners, travel, water change, or even change of weather are believed to activate infections in susceptible animals. A veterinarian can easily diagnose the disease through low-powered microscopic examination of an affected dog's feces, which usually will be replete with oocysts. One of many easily administered and inexpensive drugs will be prescribed, and, in the course of just a few days, an infection will be eliminated or perhaps reduced to such a level that the dog's immune system can make its own progress against the infection. Even when an infection has progressed sufficiently that blood is present in feces, permanent damage to the gastrointestinal system is rare, and the dog will most likely make a complete recovery without long-lasting negative effects.

VACCINATING YOUR PUPPY

Vaccinations are one of your best defenses in the puppy health wars. A regular schedule of shots will protect your puppy from the most dangerous and deadly of diseases. This is not an optional extra but an absolute MUST! A puppy gets it's first immunity to disease through the colostrum in it's mothers milk. This is called 'passive immunity' and it gives your puppy some protection from infectious diseases for a few weeks.

All puppies should have begun their series of vaccinations by the age of 6 weeks and the breeder you bought your puppy from may have already made a start on that. Be sure to ask whether or not that's the case before you take your puppy home, and get a copy of his vaccination record and veterinarian visits for your records. Once you've got your puppy all his puppy shots you will only need to get him a booster shot annually.

Depending on the State and area that you live in the regulations about how often your pet needs to be vaccinated can vary. Your veterinarian can advise you on this and make recommendations based on experience.

There's one more thing. Pay attention to how your puppy behaves after he's had his vaccinations because some puppies can have a reaction to their shots. The reaction can be mild or severe and could include difficulty breathing, diarrhea, hives or shivering.

If you think your puppy is experiencing any of the above, take him back to your veterinarian right away. A reaction could develop almost immediately or anytime up until about 3 weeks after the shots, so keep an eye out at all times.

*A combination vaccine, often called a 5-way vaccine, usually includes adenovirus cough and hepatitis, distemper, parainfluenza, and parvovirus. Some combination vaccines may also include Leptospirosis (7-way vaccines) and/or coronavirus. The inclusion of either canine adenovirus-1 or adenovirus-2 in a vaccine will protect against both adenovirus cough and hepatitis; adenovirus-2 is highly preferred. I do NOT recommend Leptospirosis given at any time. Cocker spaniels have reactions to Lepto and it is best to not give the dogs Leptospirosis. This disease is very rarely, if at all, seen in the USA any longer.

**Some puppies may need additional vaccinations against parvovirus after 15 weeks of age. Consult with your local veterinarian.

Bordetella and Parainfluenza: For complete canine cough protection, we recommend Intra-Trac II ADT. For dogs that are shown, in field trials, or are boarded, we recommend vaccination every six months with Intra-Trac II ADT (this is the Bordetella Vaccine we use here at Acura Cockapoos & Schnoodles).

HYPOGLYCEMIA

Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose or blood sugar concentration of less than 70 milligrams per deciliter(mg/dl) of blood. Symptoms depend on how quickly the blood glucose concentration decreases but rarely occur until it falls below 50 mg/dl.

Symptoms reflect the rate of decrease of the blood glucose concentration, the underlying cause of hypoglycemia, and the chronicity of the problem. One common form of hypoglycemia is called juvenile hypoglycemia because it occurs in puppies less than three months of age. Juvenile hypoglycemia is common in puppies because they have not fully developed the ability to regulate their blood glucose concentration and have a high requirement for glucose. Stress, cold, malnutrition, and intestinal parasites are problems that may precipitate a bout of juvenile hypoglycemia. Toy breed dogs less than three months of age are most commonly affected.

Other causes of hypoglycemia include fasting before vigorous exercise, which may be a factor in the syndrome called "hunting dog hypoglycemia"; Addison's disease, an endocrine problem caused by a lack of hormone production by the adrenal glands which can cause weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, and collapse; excessive insulin administration, as may occur in pets with diabetes mellitus; insulin-producing tumors of the pancreas, called "insulinomas" or "beta cell tumors"; severe liver disease; some other tumors that produce insulin-like factors; dogs with portosystemic shunts, which are congenital blood vessel abnormalities the cause blood from the intestines to by-pass the liver; hereditary diseases arising from abnormal storage of glucose as starch in the liver, or glycogen storage disease; and serious systemic bacterial infection, or sepsis.

What to Watch For

Loss of appetite
Extreme lethargy
Incoordination
Trembling
Muscular twitching
Weakness
Seizures
Unusual behavior
Dilated pupils
Apparent blindness
Stupor or coma

Diagnosis

Diagnostic tests are needed to identify hypoglycemia and determine its cause. Tests may include:

A complete medical history and physical examination
Measurement of blood glucose concentration
Other diagnostic blood tests such as complete blood count (also called hemogram or CBC), routine serum biochemistry tests, urinalysis, and serum insulin concentration to try and establish the underlying cause of hypoglycemia.

Ultrasound examination of the abdomen to try and identify a pancreatic or other tumor that could be causing hypoglycemia.

Treatment

Treatments for hypoglycemia may include the following:
Administration of glucose orally or by intravenous injection to increase blood glucose concentration.
Treatment for the underlying cause of hypoglycemia

Home Care and Prevention

Administer as directed any medications prescribed by your veterinarian. Observe your dog's general activity level, appetite and attitude.

If you have reason to suspect hypoglycemia, you should rub Karo® syrup on your dog's gums and call your veterinarian immediately. Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to identify, treat, and monitor the underlying cause of hypoglycemia.

See your veterinarian for regular check-ups as directly.

Provide a warm environment, frequent feedings, routine vaccinations and de-worming procedures for puppies as recommended by your veterinarian. Provide frequent, regular feedings. Young puppies should be fed at least 3 to 4 times a day.

Feed a high quality dog food and provide extra feedings or snacks to working dogs.

GIARDIA

Giardia are one of the more complex parasites that can infect dogs. They are often difficult to detect, and symptoms may not occur until the infection has advanced. Understanding how Giardia is transmitted and recognizing its symptoms is important for every dog owner.

Giardia are one-celled organisms called protozoa. They live and reproduce in the small intestine of dogs and cats. When an animal is infected with Giardia, the disease is called giardiasis.

Infected animals pass cysts in their feces. When a dog ingests a cyst by eating the feces of an infected animal or drinking infested water, the cyst opens in the intestines and releases trophozoites, which reproduce by splitting. When the infection has reached certain level, the dog begins passing cysts, putting other animals at risk for infection.

The most common symptom of giardiasis is diarrhea. The dog may begin losing weight even while maintaining a healthy appetite. Symptoms of advanced giardiasis may include vomiting, gas and lethargy.

The most common type of test for Giardia is a fecal test. However, Giardia cysts are not passed every time, so the infection is often not detected. If Giardia is suspected, the veterinarian may want to repeat the test several times in order to definitively determine if an infection is present.

The two most popular treatment options for Giardia are Fenbendazole and Flagyl (metronidazole). However, neither drug is 100 percent effective, and both can have some side effects. Some veterinarians think that the drugs may only reduce the production of cysts without killing the actual Giardia in the intestines.

DIARRHEA

If you have a puppy, it's a pretty safe bet that you're going to see some puppy diarrhea sooner or later!

Puppies tend to eat anything and everything, plus stress, a change in diet and all sorts of other things can result in loose stools. You want to keep little your little puppy healthy and happy, so it's natural to worry when your puppy's 'poop' doesn't seem normal.

Although puppy diarrhea isn't unusual, and it can signal something as simple as a reaction to a new puppy food, it can also be the symptom of some pretty nasty dog illnesses and diseases.

Diarrhea in puppies can take range from a soft pile to a jet of water..and just about everything in between! If your puppy's stools are just of the soft, chocolate-pudding variety there's generally no need for instant panic.

There are several possible reasons for the change in consistency, these include:

Change in Diet

Switching your puppy from one brand of food (or from dried to canned, commercial to home-made etc) is a very common reason for loose stools. To help avoid this, be sure that any change in diet is made gradually, over at least a week.

Begin by replacing a small amount of the regular food with the new one. Then over the next 7 days or so, gradually increase the new food while decreasing the old. By the end of the week, your puppy should be happily eating his new dog food without any upset.

Stress

A puppys' digestive system can be fairly delicate and may be affected by stressful situations. Things such as leaving their mom and siblings, a visit to the veterinarian, getting used to a new home environment, excess excitement or exercise and so on, can trigger this type of puppy diarrhea.

It'll usually right itself over the course of few days, meanwhile you can help by making sure your puppy has plenty of quiet time, lots of fresh drinking water available and monitoring his bowel movements to be sure that his 'poop' returns to normal rather than becoming more loose.

Eating Something They Shouldn't!

Little puppies are endlessly curious, and often seem to believe that EVERYTHING is edible, until proven otherwise! If your pup has been snacking on left-overs from the garbage can, the flowers in your front yard, or something of that nature, puppy diarrhea is most likely going to happen.

When you're dealing with a fairly mild case of puppy diarrhea, focus on eliminating the cause and replacing any fluids your puppy may have lost. You can use unflavored Pedialyte instead of water, or mixed with it.

If your puppy is drinking well, is bright-eyed and lively, and isn't getting worse you can probably afford to just monitor the situation. However, if little Fido seems lethargic, dull eyed or just 'not himself', or if his condition deteriorates, seek veterinary advice straight away.

Quite often diarrhea is accompanied by vomiting, and it can also be caused by something simple or by a serious illness or condition. If puppy vomiting is present along with the diarrhea, it's even more important to be extra-cautious.

If the puppy diarrhea is liquid (anything from soupy to watery) there's reason for concern. There are many reasons for this type of diarrhea -

Parasitic infection

Your puppy could have developed an infection caused by parasites, such as Coccidia or Giardia, both of which can cause pretty severe, foul smelling diarrhea (sometimes accompanied by vomiting, lethargy and loss of appetite).

A bad case of puppy worms (particularly roundworms) can also result in your furbaby suffering from puppy diarrhea and/or vomiting.

The most immediate concern in this case is that little Fido will become dehydrated, which is a dangerous condition for a puppy. As little as 24 hours (or less in very young puppies) with diarrhea and vomiting can cause a puppy to become seriously dehydrated.

Whenever you see this kind of puppy diarrhea, consult your veterinarian right away. There are tests and treatment for these causes of diarrhea in puppies, and IV fluids are also often necessary.

A Serious Disease

Many of the most contagious, serious (and often potentially deadly) puppy illnesses have diarrhea as one of the major symptoms.

This kind of diarrhea is usually very watery, and can contain mucous and/or blood (shows as red or brown). This is a very serious situation and immediate, emergency veterinary care is needed if your puppy is to have a chance of recovery.

Dog diseases such as Distemper, Parvovirus, Hepatitis and Corona Virus are just some of the possibilities when this kind of puppy diarrhea is seen. Don't delay, see help right away!

Watery, mucous-y or blood streaked puppy diarrhea is a red flag. Don't be tempted to 'wait and see', seek professional veterinary assistance immediately. Your puppy's life could literally depend on it.

Severe diarrhea that could be associated with illness, needs immediate veterinary attention, and you shouldn't try to treat it yourself.

However, for the occasional bout of diarrhea caused by a foray into the garbage/stress/dietary changes etc, a bit of Pepto Bismol really can help.

TAPEWORMS

The adult Dipylidium caninum lives in the small intestine of the dog or cat. It is hooked onto the intestinal wall by a structure called a rostellum which is sort of like a hat with hooks on it. The tapeworm also has six rows of teeth to grab on with. Most people are confused about the size of a tapeworm because they only see its segments which are small; the entire tapeworm is usually 6 inches or more.

Once docked like a boat to the host intestinal wall, the tapeworm begins to grow a long tail. (The tapeworm’s body is basically a head segment to hold on with, a neck, and many tail segments). Each segment making up the tail is like a separate independent body, with an independent digestive system and reproductive tract. The tapeworm absorbs nutrients through its skin as the food being digested by the host flows past it. Older segments are pushed toward the tip of the tail as new segments are produced by the neckpiece. By the time a segment has reached the end of the tail, only the reproductive tract is left. When the segment drops off, it is basically just a sac of tapeworm eggs.

The sac is passed from the host’s rectum and out into the world, either on the host’s stool or on the host’s rear end. The segment is the size of a grain of rice and is able to move. Eventually the segment will dry and look more like a sesame seed. The sac breaks and tapeworm eggs are released. These eggs are not infectious to mammals. The tapeworm must reach a specific stage of development before it can infect a mammal.

Larval fleas are generally hatching in this vicinity and these larvae are busy grazing on organic debris and flea dirt (the black specks of digested blood shed by adult fleas to nourish their larvae). The flea larvae do not pay close attention to what they eat and innocently consume tapeworm eggs.

As the larval flea progresses in its development, the tapeworm inside it is also progressing in development. By the time the flea is an adult, the tapeworm is ready to infect a dog or cat. The young tapeworm is only infectious to its mammal host at this stage of its development. The flea goes about its usual business, namely sucking its host’s blood, when to its horror, it is licked away by the host and swallowed.

Inside the host’s stomach, the flea’s body is digested away and the young tapeworm is released. It finds a nice spot to attach and the life cycle begins again. It takes 3 weeks from the time the flea is swallowed to the time tapeworm segments appear on the pet’s rear end or stool.

There is no other way for a pet to get tapeworms except from fleas.

Many people who had thought their pet could not possibly have fleas find out about the infestation this way. The tapeworm segment breaks open releasing its eggs. A larval flea consumes the egg along with the flea dirt that it normally eats. As the larval flea matures, so does the baby tapeworm. When a grooming dog or cat licks the flea and swallows it, the dead flea is digested in the dog’s stomach releasing the baby tapeworm. The tapeworm is passed to its new home in the dog or cat’s small intestine where it attaches and lives its life.

This parasite does not harm the pet in any way as there are plenty of nutrients passing by to serve both the host and its tapeworm (tapeworms require very little nutrients.) Still, high performance dogs, who need every Calorie working for them, may show a decrease in performance because of a tapeworm infection.

Theoretically, yes, people can get them but they must be infected the same way dogs and cats are: by swallowing an infected flea.

Tapeworms are killed by different medications (Our hospital uses one called “DRONCIT” (brand name of “ Praziquantel”) which is administered by injection or tablet. The tapeworm is killed and digested with the pet’s food. It is not passed in the stool later.

PUPPY PARASITES (WORMS)

Worms are tiny little parasites, that can cause discomfort and health problems to your puppy. Many puppies are usually born with worms due to the transfer of worms from their mother. These worms are present in the intestinal part of the puppy. Previously, it was believed that worms are passed to puppies only from their mothers. However, it is not true and puppies can be infested with worms due to many other means. These worms migrate in the form of eggs from infected carrier like mice to the puppies' body. These worms are even passed through feces. Worms are ingested in puppies even from environment. Worms in puppies should be treated quickly to avoid further health complications, because these worms can cause damage to vital organs like heart and lead to serious health consequences. However, worms in puppies is quite a common problem and is easy to deal.

Roundworms

The most common. Nearly all puppies, 98%, are born with roundworms from infection by their mother. Even if the puppies' mother tested negative for roundworms before she was pregnant, roundworms are still passed, due to the fact that roundworm larvae lay dormant in intestinal tissue from her own infection as a puppy. When she becomes pregnant, the hormones reactivate the worms, causing them to infect the pups within her belly. And even if a puppy was not born with these parasites, they can easily be picked up through contaminated soil. If your puppy vomits or defecates and there is long, pale strands that look like spaghetti, you're dog has roundworms. Your puppy needs to be vaccinated with de-worming medication on his following birthdays: 2 weeks old, 4 weeks old, 6 weeks old, 8 weeks old, 12 weeks old, 4 moths, 5 months, and 6 months.

Whipworms

This intestinal parasite is one of the hardest to eradicate from your dog. Infection is obtained from the environment, where dogs with this worm have defecated. Diagnosis is not easy, due to the fact that whipworm eggs do not show up in the stool until 3 months after initial infection.

Hookworms

Hookworms can be passed from mother to puppy only if the mother was infected with hookworm at the time of her pregnancy. This parasite can also be picked up off the ground by dogs and humans, as hookworms penetrate skin. This is another good reason why you should de-worm your dog. Unlike roundworms, they cannot be detected in the stool with the naked eye.

Heartworms

This is the most easily prevented, yet the most fatal of the parasites that could harm your puppy. Heartworms are spread by mosquitoes. This worm destroys the heart muscle and tissue, leading to congestive heart failure and death. Heartworms is difficult to diagnose since symptoms don't show up until the advanced stage of infection. That's why your dog should be kept on heartworm preventative.

Tapeworms

These worms can be passed on to your puppy via infected fleas or eating raw meat. They can be transmitted to people, as well if the person has ingested an infected flea just as a dog or puppy would. Tapeworm eggs look like wriggling flat rice grains and can be found in the stool or around your dog's rear if he's infected. Over-the-counter de-worming medication is often not strong enough at eliminating this parasite and a prescription de-wormer from your vet must be issued. It is a one time pill. Once the pill is given, the tapeworm is immediately absorbed into the body and you will not see any segments in the stool or on your dog's rear end.

Preventing Worms

Your puppy needs to be vaccinated with de-worming medication on his following birthdays: 2 weeks old, 4 weeks old, 6 weeks old, 8 weeks old, 12 weeks old, 4 moths, 5 months, and 6 months. After 6 months of age, you will just want to administer once a month heartworm medication and flea/tick repellent.
Every year, have a vet check your dog's stool sample for signs of parasite infection.
Don't expose your puppy to infected, stray, or wild animals.
Never allow your puppy to consume his or any other animal's feces. Also, try and have him avoid contact with his own and other dog's waste products. That's why it's a good idea to clean up after your puppy and housebreak him as soon as possible, or else he could re-infect himself.
Never let your dog eat animal carcasses.
Use saltwater solution when cleaning your dog's area. This will prevent worms.

KENNEL COUGH / BORDETELLA

From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

Kennel cough or tracheobronchitis is a highly contagious canine illness characterized by inflammation of the upper respiratory system. It can be caused by viral infections such as canine distemper, canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus, or canine respiratory coronavirus, or bacterial infections such as Bordetella bronchiseptica. It is so named because the infection can spread quickly among dogs, such as in the close quarters of a kennel.

Infection

Both viral and bacterial causes of kennel cough are spread through the air by infected dogs sneezing and coughing. It can also spread through contact with contaminated surfaces and through direct contact. It is highly contagious. Exposure occurs in environments where there are other dogs in proximity, such as kennels, dog shows, and groomers. Symptoms begin usually 3 to 5 days after exposure. The disease can progress to pneumonia.

Symptoms

Symptoms can include a harsh, dry hacking/coughing, retching, or gagging;in response to light pressing of the trachea or after excitement or exercise. The presence of a fever varies from case to case. The disease can last from 10-20 days. Diagnosis is made by seeing these symptoms and having a history of exposure.

Treatment and Prevention

Antibiotics are given to treat any bacterial infection present. Cough suppressants are used if the cough is not productive (nothing is being coughed up). The prognosis is good. Prevention is by vaccinating for canine adenovirus, distemper, parainfluenza, and Bordetella. In kennels, the best prevention is to keep all the cages disinfected. Most kennels will not board dogs without proof of vaccination.

Dog Vaccination Schedule
Age	Vaccine
4 to 5 Weeks	Parvovirus: for puppies at high risk of exposure to parvo, some veterinarians recommend vaccinating at 5 weeks. We use Neopar as it over rides the natural antibodies of the Mom to help the puppy begin to produce its own immunities to Parvo.
7 to 8 Weeks	*Combination vaccine without leptospirosis. We do not give Leptospirosis and we do not recommend your veterinarian give Leptospirosis either. Coronavirus:** where coronavirus is a concern.
12 Weeks or Older	Rabies: Given by your local veterinarian (age at vaccination may vary according to local law).
Approximately 12 AND 15 Weeks** (These should be given three weeks after you take your puppy home and then three weeks after the 2nd round of vaccines.)	Combination Vaccine* Leptospirosis: include leptospirosis in the combination vaccine ONLY where leptospirosis is a concern, or if traveling to an area where it occurs. I do not recommend giving Leptospirosis! Coronavirus: where coronavirus is a concern. Lyme: where Lyme disease is a concern or if traveling to an area where it occurs.
Adult Booster	Combination Vaccine* Leptospirosis: include leptospirosis in the combination vaccine ONLY where leptospirosis is a concern, or if traveling to an area where it occurs. I do not recommend giving dogs Leptospirosis! Coronavirus: where coronavirus is a concern. Lyme: where Lyme disease is a concern or if traveling to an area where it occurs. Rabies: Given by your local veterinarian (time interval between vaccinations may vary according to local law).